Health and Society

PSYCHEDELICS IN THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS

Wed, 08 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Psychedelics have emerged as a promising approach to treating mental disorders, challenging traditional paradigms in psychiatry. This study conducted an integrative literature review to investigate the advances, challenges, and implications of the therapeutic use of these substances, addressing the guiding question: “What are the current scientific perspectives on the use of psychedelics in the treatment of mental disorders?” The methodology followed the steps proposed by Mendes, Silveira, and Galvão (2008), covering the selection of articles from the LILACS, SCIELO, and MEDLINE databases. Descriptors in Portuguese and English, such as “Psychedelics,” “Mental Disorders,” and “Therapeutic Advances,” were used, and inclusion criteria favored recent and complete publications. The results indicated significant advances in the use of psychedelics, such as psilocybin, in treating resistant depression and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies showed rapid and sustained improvements in depressive symptoms, while MDMA, combined with assisted psychotherapy, significantly reduced PTSD symptoms. These effects are attributed to the interaction with serotonergic receptors, promoting neuroplasticity and reorganization of neural networks, enabling profound psychological transformation. Despite the progress, ethical, legal, and operational challenges remain. Many psychedelics are still classified as high-risk substances, hindering their regulation and clinical use. Additionally, training specialized professionals and ensuring safety in therapeutic settings are crucial aspects to expand the application of these substances. In conclusion, psychedelics represent an innovative frontier in the treatment of mental disorders, with the potential to revolutionize psychiatry. However, overcoming regulatory and societal barriers, as well as investing in long-term research and professional training, is essential for their full integration into health systems.

THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL SKILLS IN TEACHERS’ SELF-REGULATION

Aygun Gurbanova Fuad Qizi, Aytekin Kosayeva Vasif Qizi — Sun, 12 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

This article examines the impact of cognitive and social skills on teachers’ self-regulation, particularly in the context of job stress and emotional control. It highlights the significance of self-determination, self-improvement, and self-actualization in pedagogical education. The findings suggest that enhancing teachers’ cognitive and emotional competencies can mitigate job-related stress and improve teaching effectiveness.

METABOLIC SURGERY VERSUS CLINICAL TREATMENT

Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Morbid obesity is a chronic and progressive condition associated with various comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. In the management of this condition, clinical treatments and surgical interventions have been widely debated, with metabolic surgery standing out as an alternative for cases refractory to clinical treatment. To compare the costs and efficacy of metabolic surgery and clinical treatment in the management of morbid obesity, assessing the economic impacts and clinical outcomes in the medium and long term. This is a literature review with a qualitative approach, based on studies available in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Health descriptors such as “Bariatric Surgery,” “Obesity Management,” and “Type 2 Diabetes Treatment” were used, covering the period from 2015 to 2023. The selection followed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the articles included. Studies show that metabolic surgery is more effective in sustained weight loss and in controlling metabolic comorbidities, with type 2 diabetes remission rates of over 70%. In terms of costs, although the initial investment for the surgical procedure is high, there are savings in the long term due to the reduction in expenditure on medication, hospitalizations and monitoring of complications. In contrast, clinical treatment has lower initial costs, but often requires prolonged use of medication and interventions, with lower success rates in weight maintenance and remission of comorbidities. Metabolic surgery stands out as an effective and economically viable option for morbidly obese patients, especially those with severe comorbidities. However, the choice of treatment must be individualized, taking into account the surgical risks, the ability to adhere to lifestyle changes and the resources available in the health system.

SURGICAL APPROACH IN THE TREATMENT OF DEEP ENDOMETRIOSIS

Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Deep endometriosis is a gynaecological condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, involving organs such as the ovaries, intestines and bladder. The disease can cause chronic pain, infertility and additional complications, significantly affecting patients’ quality of life. Although clinical treatment, such as the use of hormones, is common, the surgical approach has become essential for cases of deep endometriosis, when symptoms are not effectively controlled. The aim of this study is to analyze the challenges and advances in surgical approaches to the treatment of deep endometriosis, focusing on innovative techniques, long-term efficacy and the multidisciplinary approach to managing the condition. This is a literature review with a qualitative approach, which will use the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases to gather relevant articles on the surgical and psychological management of endometriosis. The search will be refined using health descriptors such as “Endometriosis Surgery,” “Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis,” “Psychological Impact,” among others, with a time frame between 2014 and 2021. The review aims to consolidate best practices and advances in the treatment of endometriosis, both in terms of surgical interventions and psychological approaches. Laparoscopic surgery has proven to be one of the main therapeutic options in the treatment of deep endometriosis, allowing precise removal of lesions with lower complication rates and faster recovery. Recent advances in robotic surgery have also contributed to greater precision and less tissue trauma. However, complete removal of lesions is not always possible, which can lead to recurrences. Treatment also requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving gynaecologists, urologists, proctologists and fertility specialists, for proper management and minimization of complications. The surgical approach to treating deep endometriosis continues to evolve, with technological innovations offering better results and recovery for patients. However, the complexity of the condition requires ongoing specialist follow-up and the combination of clinical and surgical treatments to ensure long-term efficacy and symptom reduction. Personalizing the treatment for each patient is fundamental to the successful management of the disease.

NEUROMUSCULAR MONITORING DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Mon, 13 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Neuromuscular monitoring during general anaesthesia is a crucial practice for the proper management of muscle blocks, allowing the dosage of muscle relaxants to be optimized and adverse effects to be minimized. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents is common in surgery, especially to facilitate intubation and muscle relaxation. However, inappropriate or excessive use of these agents can result in post-operative complications, such as residual muscle weakness, breathing difficulties and delayed recovery. Neuromuscular monitoring has proven to be an essential tool for mitigating these risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of neuromuscular monitoring during general anesthesia, with a focus on reducing postoperative complications such as residual muscle weakness, respiratory difficulty and prolonged recovery time. The aim is also to compare the results of patients who receive real-time monitoring with those who do not. This is a qualitative literature review whose aim is to explore the implications of neuromuscular monitoring in anesthetic practices and its effects on postoperative recovery, opioid consumption and residual neuromuscular blockade. To this end, the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases will be used. The review will be refined using health descriptors such as “Neuromuscular Monitoring,” “Residual Paralysis,” “Opioid Consumption,” with a time frame from 1998 to 2020, covering both review articles and clinical studies and randomized trials. Neuromuscular monitoring has shown clear benefits in reducing residual muscle weakness and improving postoperative respiratory function. Studies indicate that patients who use real-time monitoring during general anesthesia have shorter recovery times, lower rates of respiratory complications and less need for assisted ventilation. In addition, monitoring allows for more precise dosing of muscle relaxants, avoiding overuse and the occurrence of adverse effects. When applied correctly, monitoring also contributes to reducing the duration of anesthesia and improves the patient’s post-operative experience. Neuromuscular monitoring during general anesthesia is essential for reducing postoperative complications, especially residual muscle weakness and respiratory difficulty. Its effective use contributes to a faster and safer recovery for patients, allowing healthcare professionals to adjust the dosage of muscle blockers more precisely. The widespread implementation of this practice in surgical centers is recommended to optimize anesthetic management and improve postoperative outcomes.

USE OF ACTIVE METHODOLOGIES FOR THE TEACHING OF NEUROANATOMY

Sat, 18 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

In recent decades, more and more in higher education, active methodologies have been applied, playing a significant role in expanding knowledge. There is a consensus on the perception of the need to use practical tools that contribute positively to learning in neuroanatomy. Therefore, the present work aimed to present tools used in teaching practice based on active methodologies, of which the following stand out: - handout with boards for activities in class, where students identify neuroanatomical structures by colors and legends; - synthetic anatomical parts; 2D and 3D models; made in groups by themes; - sample of neuroanatomy; - group dynamics and pedagogical gymkhana of knowledge and social responsibility. Considering the experiences based on more than twenty years of the teaching staff in the exercise of higher education focused on health and aligned with the instruments for evaluating undergraduate courses at the MEC, it is relevant to define innovation as creative ideas that contribute positively to the quality of teaching and learning process. Finally, the activities demonstrated encouraged critical thinking, problem solving, decision-making and the practical application of the contents studied.

IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN URGENCY AND EMERGENCY PRACTICES IN EMERGENCY CARE UNITS

Wed, 22 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Continuing education plays a crucial role in enhancing the qualifications of healthcare professionals in Emergency Care Units (UPAs), fostering the ongoing development of the knowledge and skills necessary to handle urgent and emergency situations. This study reviewed the literature on the subject, highlighting benefits such as increased safety in interventions, reduced medical errors, and strengthened critical competencies like communication and decision-making under pressure. Educational technologies, including digital platforms and practical simulations, were also identified as effective tools for enhancing learning and addressing challenges related to time and resource limitations in UPAs. However, implementing continuing education programs faces significant barriers, such as financial constraints, resistance from professionals to adopt new practices, and the lack of structured institutional policies. Additionally, the high workload and staff turnover in UPAs hinder regular participation in training initiatives. These factors emphasize the need for strategies that integrate continuing education into routine care, ensuring sustainability and a positive impact on care quality. For future advancements, it is recommended to investigate the long-term impact of continuing education programs on care indicators, such as complication rates and patient satisfaction. The combination of hybrid methodologies, integrating digital resources and in-person activities, also deserves greater attention to overcome logistical limitations. Lastly, economic analyses of the costs and benefits of these programs can inform policy decisions and optimize investments in the field. Thus, continuing education establishes itself as an indispensable component for improving care in UPAs, ensuring quality and safety in service delivery.

TELEDERMATOLOGY MUTIRON AT POLICLINICA BARRAL Y BARRAL IN RIO BRANCO – ACRE IN 2023

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Dermatological diseases are one of the main causes of people seeking care in Primary Health Care (PHC), often being treated by non-specialized doctors, which leads to an increase in unnecessary referrals to dermatologists and an overload on specialized services. This scenario is, in part, caused by the limited academic training of professionals, affecting their ability to diagnose and treat dermatological conditions appropriately. Teledermatology appears as a promising solution to optimize care, using information and communication technologies to facilitate remote diagnosis, allowing PHC doctors to receive reports from dermatologists within 72 hours, without the need for unnecessary travel. Objective: To report the experience of the Teledermatology joint effort held at Policlínica Barral Y Barral in the municipality of Rio Branco in the State of Acre, aimed at reducing waiting times and improving access to dermatological care. Method: This is a literature review study in the form of a professional experience report with critical analysis. The data was collected from medical and administrative records that provided the necessary information to carry out the experience and its results. Results: During the joint effort, 200 PHC patients were expected, with 142 treated, 128 exams validated and 50 cases treated directly in PHC, avoiding unnecessary referrals. The results showed a predominance of injuries classified as green (secondary) and blue (primary care) risk, with some serious cases, such as skin cancer, being referred to specialized care. Conclusion: Teledermatology proved to be effective in speeding up diagnosis and treatment, improving the resolution of PHC and optimizing public resources. The experience highlighted the importance of training PHC professionals to diagnose and treat dermatological diseases, highlighting the need to integrate telemedicine into health practices, contributing to more efficient and accessible care.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD SEXUAL VIOLENCE

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Child sexual violence is a serious public health problem in Brazil, with devastating impacts on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. The epidemiological analysis carried out, based on data from DATASUS between 2015 and 2021, revealed a high incidence of cases of child sexual violence in the country, with a predominance of female victims and male aggressors. São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro had the highest numbers of confirmed cases, reflecting both greater exposure and effectiveness in reporting these incidents. On the other hand, states with less health infrastructure, such as Roraima and Amapá, showed significantly lower numbers, suggesting difficulties in detection and reporting. The research also identified the large number of unconfirmed cases and blank data, which indicates flaws in the process of collecting and recording information. The relationship between victims and aggressors is predominantly familial, highlighting the importance of prevention strategies aimed at strengthening the protection network and raising awareness among the population, especially in schools and in the family environment. Despite advances in public policies, such as the Health in Schools Program, the implementation of preventive and educational actions still faces challenges, including cultural resistance and lack of resources, which highlights the need for a more integrated and effective approach between health, education and social assistance. Thus, the research highlights the importance of strengthening existing public policies and improving detection, reporting and support for victims of child sexual violence in Brazil.

ADVANCES IN FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR THE EVALUATION OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has become an indispensable tool in the research and clinical assessment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Its ability to map changes in cerebral blood flow associated with neuronal activity provides insights into the mechanisms underlying these diseases, allowing for advances in diagnosis and monitoring. This paper aims to analyze recent advances in the application of fMRI in the assessment of neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting its usefulness in early detection, monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic responses. The literature review explores the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, addressing technical advances, biomarkers based on functional connectivity, and deep learning applications. The analysis includes studies on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, with a focus on diagnosis, disease progression and potential therapies. Advances in fMRI, such as resting-state functional connectivity and machine learning-based analysis, have made it possible to identify specific patterns of altered brain connectivity associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies show that fMRI can detect subtle changes in the early stages of these conditions, enabling early interventions. In addition, the use of standardized protocols and the integration of fMRI with other modalities, such as PET and EEG, have improved diagnostic accuracy and provided a comprehensive view of brain alterations. Therefore, fMRI represents one of the most promising technologies for understanding and managing neurodegenerative diseases. Its technical and methodological advances are expanding its application, from early diagnosis to the evaluation of personalized therapies. However, challenges such as inter-individual variability and high costs still need to be overcome for this technology to be widely incorporated into clinical practice.

BREAST RECONSTRUCTION AFTER MASTECTOMY

Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Mastectomy, although vital in the treatment of breast cancer, can have a significant impact on patients’ self-esteem and quality of life. Breast reconstruction plays a central role in physical and emotional recovery and is widely recognized as a surgery that goes beyond aesthetics, representing a symbol of rebirth and recovery of female identity. The aim of this study is to explore the advances and benefits of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, addressing its psychological implications, available techniques and the challenges faced by patients in the rehabilitation process. This literature review analyzes advances in breast reconstruction after mastectomy, with a focus on patient-centered outcomes, psychological implications, technological innovations and challenges in resource-limited settings. The review covers reconstruction techniques such as the use of DIEP flaps and implants, as well as exploring barriers to access and the future prospects of the field. Breast reconstruction techniques include the use of prostheses, autologous flaps and hybrid approaches, which are chosen according to the patient’s clinical conditions and preferences. Studies show that reconstruction has a positive impact on mental health, reducing rates of depression and anxiety. However, challenges such as unequal access to the procedure and fears about complications are still barriers faced. In addition, advances in biomaterials and microsurgery have improved aesthetic and functional results, increasing patient satisfaction. Therefore, breast reconstruction is more than a surgical intervention; it is a process of physical and emotional transformation that contributes to giving new meaning to the cancer experience. Investing in policies that increase access to this surgery and in technological advances that optimize the results is essential to guarantee complete and humanized rehabilitation.

SCARLET FEVER IN PEDIATRICS

Tue, 18 Feb 2025 00:00:00 -0300

Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by *Streptococcus pyogenes* which predominantly affects school-age children. Although its prevalence has decreased over the years due to the advance of antibiotics, outbreaks still occur, requiring special attention regarding early diagnosis and the prevention of post-streptococcal complications, such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. The aim of this study is to review updates in the diagnosis of scarlet fever in pediatrics, emphasizing clinical and laboratory methods, as well as assessing the impact of post-streptococcal complications on children’s health. This literature review addresses the diagnostic, epidemiological and therapeutic challenges of group A streptococcal (GAS) diseases, with a focus on scarlet fever, antimicrobial resistance, post-infectious complications and vaccine development. The analysis includes global trends, management strategies and scientific advances in dealing with these diseases. The clinical diagnosis of scarlet fever is based on the presence of fever, pharyngitis, a characteristic rash and classic signs such as strawberry tongue. Rapid tests for streptococcal antigen and oropharyngeal culture are essential laboratory tools for confirmation. Treatment with antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin, is effective in resolving the infection, but failure to start treatment early can lead to serious complications, including post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever, both of which have potential long-term impacts on cardiovascular and renal health. Therefore, scarlet fever remains a relevant concern in pediatrics due to the risk of post-streptococcal complications. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are key to preventing serious outcomes. Constant updates to clinical guidelines and access to rapid diagnostic tests are essential to improve care and reduce the impact of the disease in children.