ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

A REFLECTION ON PUBLIC POLICIES IN COMBATING

TUBERCULOSIS. A WORLDWIDE PANORAMA

Abraão Gomes Abreu1

Carolyne Almeida Sarmento2

Carlos Paulo da Silva3

Daniel da Conceição Nascimento4

Gabriel Aguiar Moulaz5

José Gabriel Palma Pereira6

Glenya Gilkla da Silva Abreu7

Juliana Aparecida da Silva8

Larissa Hannya Campos Gazola9

Leonardo de Oliveira Mussi10

Letícia Cristina Barbosa Serejo11

Lindsay Sandy Barbosa de Lima12

Liniker Lima Luz13

Lucas Boni Inácio14

1 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

2 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

3 Graduating in Medicine at Unesulbahia - Integrated Colleges

4 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

5 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

6 Graduating in Medicine at UNIDA-Universidad de la Integración de las Américas

7 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

8 Undergraduate student in Medicine at UB-Universidade Brasil- Fernandópolis SP

9 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

10 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

11 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

12 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

13 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

14 Graduating in Medicine from UCP- Universidad Central del Paraguay

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

Juliana Oliveira de Toledo15

Abstract: A reection on public policies to combat Tuberculosis. A global panorama Tuberculosis

is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mainly aecting the

lungs and transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets. Although the infection

does not always cause symptoms in healthy people, when active, it can cause coughing, chest pain,

weakness, weight loss and fever. Tuberculosis is currently a global health concern, with millions

of deaths and new infections each year, due to factors such as drug resistance, HIV, international

travel and homelessness. With a third of the world’s population infected, it is essential that healthcare

professionals understand the disease and its diagnostic procedures. New research should focus on the

social factors that determine TB. In this way, it is believed, Brazil will once again be able to celebrate

reaching the WHO targets for the elimination of TB by 2035.

Keywords: Tuberculosis, prevention, treatment, public policies.

15 Biochemical pharmacist, PhD from the Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS) UNB-

University of Brasilia

INTRODUCTION

The concept of health as the absence of disease was changed in the face of the World Health

Organization, which denes: health from a broader concept, being a right of all and a duty of the

State, guaranteed through social and economic public policies, focusing on the living conditions of the

population and environmental preservation, Through the various tropical diseases and pathologies,

tuberculosis stands out. (CARVALHO, 2012)

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

which most commonly aects the lungs (GOLDRICK, 2014). It is transmitted from person to person

through droplets from the throat and lungs of people with active respiratory disease (PORTH,

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

2012). In healthy people, M. tuberculosis infection often does not cause symptoms, because the

individual’s immune system acts to “isolate” the bacteria (FRIEDEN, 2003). Symptoms of active TB

of the lung are cough (sometimes with sputum or blood), chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever,

and night sweats. This disease is treatable in approximately six months with antibiotics (JENSEN,

2005). Tuberculosis has recently emerged as a major health concern. Each year, approximately 2

million people in the world die from tuberculosis and 9 million are infected. The prevalence of

tuberculosis continues to increase due to the increase in the number of patients infected with the

human immunodeciency virus (HIV), bacterial drug resistance, increased international travel and

immigration from countries with high prevalence, and an increase in the number of homeless people

and drug users (PINHEIRO, 2022; FERGUSON, 2004)element. With 2 billion people, one third of

the world’s population, estimated to be infected with mycobacteria, all health professionals, regardless

of the area of care, need to understand the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics and procedures

for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (EISENHUT, 2016). The vulnerability of hospitalized patients to

tuberculosis is often underestimated because infection is usually considered a community-based

disease (ROSENKRANDS, 2012). Most hospitalized patients are in a critical immunological state,

particularly in intensive care units, making exposure to tuberculosis even more severe than in the

community (SILVA, 2014). By understanding the causative organism, pathophysiology, transmission,

diagnosis of tuberculosis and clinical manifestations in patients, intensive care professionals will be

better prepared to recognize the infection (AGUDELO, 2018).

DEVELOPMENT

There are some epidemiological data that guide the population and health agents in general,

and provide information pertinent to the situation presented about the characterization of diseases in

the day-to-day life of the communities.

According to epidemiological data regarding tuberculosis in the country, it is found in the

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

literature that each year, approximately 70 thousand new cases are reported and about 4.5 thousand

deaths occur (BRASIL, 2018).

The data necessary for the main epidemiological and operational indicators used for local,

municipal, state, and national evaluation are contained in the Notiable Diseases Information System

(SINAN).

Data on the number of Tuberculosis cases in 2018 in each Brazilian state. Notiable Diseases

Information System (SINAN).

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

Historical Series of the Number of Deaths from Tuberculosis between 2001 and 2017 in each Region

and Federative Unit. Notiable Diseases Information System (SINAN)

PREVENTION

The vaccine called Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was rst developed in the 1920s

(DHEDA, 2005). It is one of the most widely used vaccines today, and reaches more than 80% of all

newborns and babies in the countries where it is part of the national childhood immunization program

(SILVA, 2018). However, it is also one of the most variable vaccines in routine use (MYERS, 2016). The

BCG vaccine has been shown to oer children excellent protection against disseminated forms of TB

(RAVIGLIONE, 2016). However, protection against pulmonary TB in adults is variable (RABAHI,

2017). Because most transmissions originate from adult cases of pulmonary TB, the BCG vaccine is

generally used to protect children rather than interrupt adult-to-adult transmission (WORLD, 2015).

The BCG vaccine will usually result in a vaccinated person having a positive TB skin test

result (PAOLUCCI, 2022).

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

To reduce exposure in households where someone has infectious TB, the following actions

should be taken whenever possible (FERRO, 2010):

Homes should be adequately ventilated;

Anyone coughing should be educated on cough etiquette and respiratory hy-

giene, and should follow this practice at all times;

Spend as much time as possible outdoors;

If possible, sleep alone in a separate, adequately ventilated room;

Spend as little time as possible on public transport;

Spend as little time as possible in places where a large number of people

gather.

However, what can ensure success in the prevention and control of Tuberculosis permeates

Vaccination, it is also necessary to expand the coverage of BCG vaccination, especially in countries

where TB is endemic. Invest in research into new, more eective vaccines and the Tracking and

Monitoring program, and implement proactive screening programs to identify and treat latent TB

cases, as well as monitor the eectiveness of control programs (ANDRADE, 2017).

TREATMENT

In order to carry out tuberculosis treatment, it is important to know that being a drug for TB

prevention, also known as chemoprophylaxis, it can reduce the risk of occurrence of a rst episode of

active TB in people with latent tuberculosis (DE SOUZA, 2018). Treatment of latent TB is being used

as a tool to try to eliminate TB in some countries (TORRENS, 2016).

Isoniazid is one of the drugs used to prevent latent tuberculosis from progressing to active

tuberculosis or tuberculosis. Isoniazid is an inexpensive drug, but similarly to the use of the BCG

vaccine, it is primarily used to protect individuals rather than stop transmission between adults

(MACIEL, 2015).

This is because children rarely have infectious tuberculosis, and it is dicult to administer

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

isoniazid on a large scale to adults who do not have any symptoms (ROCHA, 2015). Taking isoniazid

daily for six months is dicult to adhere to and, as a result, many individuals who could benet from

the treatment stop taking the drug before the end of the six-month period (SANTOS, 2013).

There are also concerns about the possible impact of TB treatment in prevention programs

on the emergence of drug resistance (SHAH, 2014).

However, the most important for the improvement in disease control was the inclusion,

in 2009, of treatment with rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol (RHZE) in a xed-

dose combination formulation (FDC): RHZE-FDC. Research carried out in Brazil, comparing the

standard dose with the combined xed dose, showed that the latter reduced the rate of treatment

abandonment by 14% among the incidence of TB who started treatment in the period from October

2009 to September 2010, in ve cities surveyed (GLOBAL, 2022).

To strengthen diagnosis and treatment

It will be necessary to ensure universal access to diagnosis and ensure that all suspected

TB cases have access to rapid and accurate diagnoses. This includes expanding the availability of

molecular tests and advanced diagnostic technologies.

Enabling eective and complete treatment, ensuring that all patients receive adequate,

complete and free treatment. This includes the treatment of drug-resistant forms of TB, such as

multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) (CECILIO, 2017).

PUBLIC POLICIES

Regarding the public policies that have been made to combat tuberculosis, some programs

and actions aimed at controlling or even eradicating the aforementioned pathology can be mentioned.

Increase investment and ensure adequate and sustainable funding for TB control programmes. This

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

includes funding for research, treatment, diagnosis, and education. Public policies and legislation.

It is also important to implement policies that guarantee universal access to health services and TB

treatment, and that address inequalities in access to care.

One of the examples is the program that was created in 2015, the “WHO Global TB Program”,

which convened a global task force for TB patient research (BOCCIA, 2011). Updated in 2023, the

WHO Global Report on Tuberculosis (TB) demonstrates a signicant global recovery in scaling

up TB diagnosis and treatment services in 2022. He points to an encouraging predisposition that

begins to reverse the detrimental eects of COVID-19 interruptions on TB services (MINISTRY OF

HEALTH, 2023).

This increase is explained by the good recovery of access to and provision of health services

in many countries. The Philippines, India, and Indonesia, which together accounted for about 60% of

the worldwide reductions in the number of individuals newly diagnosed with TB in 2020 and 2021,

recovered to levels subsequent to 2019 in 2022 (MINISTRY OF HEALTH, 2023).

However, the Global Report on Tuberculosis (TB), published annually by the World Health

Organization (WHO), oers a comprehensive overview of the state of tuberculosis in the world and

presents data and recommendations to improve the ght against the disease. Some of the improvements

and advancements that these reports have promoted include (TRAJMAN, 2018):

• Improved Data Collection and Analysis: Reports help enhance data collection and trend

analysis, allowing countries and organizations to adjust their strategies according to the

latest evidence.

• Increases in Awareness and Policy Priority: By highlighting the global burden of TB and

the gaps that exist in treatment and prevention, the reports encourage governments and

organizations to prioritize resources and eorts to address the disease.

• Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment: The report frequently presents information on

new advances in diagnosis and treatment, such as new drugs and more eective treatment

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

regimens, which help improve cure rates and reduce drug resistance.

• Focus on Vulnerable Populations: The reports highlight the need to address TB in

vulnerable populations, such as people with HIV, people in prisons, and marginalized

communities, by encouraging specic programs for these populations.

• Strengthening Prevention Strategies: Recommendations include improvements in

prevention strategies, such as expanding BCG vaccination and contact tracing programs,

which help reduce the spread of the disease.

• Reducing Drug Resistance: The report frequently addresses the issue of drug-resistant

tuberculosis and provides guidance on how to address this more dicult way of treating

the disease, including promoting safer and more eective treatment practices.

• Promotion of Care Integration: Encourages the integration of TB services with other

areas of health, such as HIV and primary health services, for more holistic and ecient

care.

• Focus on Research and Innovation: Highlights the need for more research and innovation

for new diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments, encouraging global collaboration to

accelerate the development of new solutions (TRAJMAN, 2018).

These advances have contributed to a better understanding of tuberculosis and to more

eective strategies to combat the disease, with the ultimate goal of reducing its incidence and mortality

globally.

Brazil is part of the group of the best countries with good actions in the adaptation and

implementation of multisectoral involvement initiatives to end tuberculosis (TB). Brazil is part of

the document released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2022, entitled “Adaptation and

implementation of WHO’s multisectoral accountability framework to end TB (MAF-TB) – Best

practices” (MINISTRY OF HEALTH, 2023).

With the objective of architecting national responses to TB, MAF-TB is a tool created by the

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

WHO and, in this sense, fosters advances through the implementation of political engagement and

agreement on targets to end TB as a public health problem.

The Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the UN General Assembly called on

the WHO Director-General to complete the multisectoral accountability framework and ensure its

implementation in 2019 (WINGFIELD, 2017). WHO supports Member States as they move forward

to: assess the initial status of MAF-TB components in their own contexts; engage sta and stakeholders

in adapting the framework; and monitor and review their use (REIS, 2015). It also collaborated with

Member States and coordinated partners to enable support to strengthen capacity and results at

the national, regional and global levels (MACIEL, 2018). WHO has also led coordination with UN

agencies and other organizations on multisectoral collaboration related to MAF-TB (KRITSKI, 2018).

One of the major shortcomings of the eradication programme was the inability or

unwillingness of some governments to support and manage their own national programme. This

applies particularly to those governments that have been pushed towards eradication by international

pressure or incentives (VALLA, 1998). Policy analysis research at the national and global levels can

help to understand the political landscape and identify how policy strategies can be created to enable

long-term policy support in both donor and endemic countries (VALLA, 1998).

Initially, the execution of the actions was the responsibility of the federal government. With

the process of decentralization of endemic diseases, actions began to be carried out by the state and/

or municipal levels, and for each of their instances the attributions are established in Ordinance No.

1,399, of 12/15/99 (ALBUQUERQUE, 2015).

Eradicating tuberculosis (TB) by 2035 is an ambitious goal that requires a multifaceted

approach and the eective implementation of public policies. Based on global guidelines and best

practices, here are some essential ndings and strategies to achieve this goal both in Brazil and

globally (MACIEL, 2018)

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

CONCLUSION

Eradicating TB by 2035 requires an integrated and sustained approach that combines

strengthening health services, eective public policies, and a strong nancial and social commitment.

Collaboration between governments, international organizations, the private sector, and communities

is critical to achieving this goal. With a well-designed strategy and the implementation of eective

actions, it is possible to drastically reduce the burden of tuberculosis and work towards its global

eradication.

Even though Brazil is an endemic area, it can be concluded from the data obtained that its

population has basic knowledge of the disease and of some preventive methods, although they are not

used by the majority. The fact that it is a known disease can be explained by the ease of disseminating

information that we have today, however, according to the data, this information comes from unreliable

sources, with unocial and incomplete information, so it is still necessary to reinforce the importance

of the professional who holds this knowledge in the dissemination of correct information, always

stressing the great importance of prevention so that there is greater adherence to them.

Knowledge alone is not enough to generate impacts on the prevention and control of the

disease. In addition to knowledge, health education practices that favor the application of knowledge

and, thus, generate positive impacts on this important health issue The Family Health program is the

rst level of primary care of the SUS (Unied Health System) where actions are developed for health

promotion, prevention, recovery, rehabilitation of diseases and injuries, the work of multiprofessionals

in health units. The medical professional is considered an ideal professional for guidance, awareness

regarding treatment adherence, rational and correct use of medications and for the follow-up of

patients, however he is considered a professional with little presence and active participation in the

services to combat diseases.

In view of the reduction of inequalities and initiatives capable of improving and making more

eective and eective in the control of the disease, both the directing of eorts by the existing regias

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

can bring the country closer to achieving the recommended goals, without the need to incorporate

the latest and most expensive technologies. Further research should focus on the social determinants

of TB, incorporating innovative methods and the study of vulnerable populations, in order to better

understand the impact of control measures on TB incidence and mortality. In this way, it is believed

that Brazil will once again be able to celebrate the achievement of the WHO goals for the elimination

of TB by 2035.

REFERENCES

AGUDELO CA, Restrepo CA, Molina DA, et al. Tuberculosis and 605 histoplasmosis co-infection in

AIDS patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2012.ANDRADE KV, Nery JS, Souza RA, Pereira SM. Eects

of social protection on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in low or middle-income and in high-burden

countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cadernos de saúde pública. 2018.

ALBUQUERQUE AC de, Mota ELA, Felisberto E. Decentralization of epidemiological surveillance

actions in Pernambuco, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2015 Apr; 31(4):861–73. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00102214

ANDRADE HS, Oliveira VC, Gontijo TL, Pessôa MTC, Guimarães EA de A. Evaluation of the

Tuberculosis Control Program: a case study. Saúde debate [Internet]. 2017 Mar; 41(SPE):242–58.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042017S18

BRAZIL. Ministry of Health. Health Surveillance Secretariat Department of Communicable Disease

Surveillance. General Coordination of Communicable Diseases – Brasília: Ministry of Health, 2018.

CARVALHO, A. I. de. Social, economic and environmental determinants of health. In: Fundação

Oswaldo Cruz (Org.). Health in Brazil in 2030: guidelines for the strategic prospection of the Brazilian

health system. / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation... [et al.]. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz/Ipea/ Ministry of Health/

Secretariat of Strategic Aairs of the Presidency of the Republic, 2012. p. 19-38.

CECILIO HPM, Teston EF, Marcon SS. ACCESS TO TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS FROM

THE PERSPECTIVE OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS. Text context - enferm [Internet]. 2017;

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

26(3):e0230014. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072017000230014

DE SOUZA RA, Nery JS, Rasella D, Guimarães Pereira RA, Barreto ML, Rodrigues L, Pereira SM.

Family health and conditional cash transfer in Brazil and its eect on tuberculosis mortality. The

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2018.

DHEDA, K, Booth H, Huggett JF, et al. Lung remodeling in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis,

2005.

EISENHUT M, Hargreaves DS, Scott A, Housley D, Walters A, Mulla R. Determination of Urinary

Neopterin/Creatinine Ratio to Distinguish Active Tuberculosis from Latent Mycobacterium

Tuberculosis Infection. J Biomark. 2016;2016:5643853. doi: 10.1155/2016/5643853. Epub 2016 Jun 28.

PMID: 27433370; PMCID: PMC4940561.

FERGUSON JS, Weis JJ, Martin JL, Schlesinger LS. Complement protein C3 binding to Mycobacterium

tuberculosis is initiated by the classical pathway in human bronchoalveolar lavage uid. Infect Immun,

2004.

FERRO AR, Lúcia Kassouf A, Levison D. The impact of conditional cash transfer programs on

household work decisions in Brazil. InChild Labor and the Transition between School and Work 2010.

FRIEDEN TR, Sterling TR, Munsi SS, Watt CJ, Dye C. Tuberculosis. Lancet, 2003.

GLOBAL tuberculosis report 2022. Geneva: World Health organization; 2022. license: cc bY-Nc-sa

3.0 iGo.

GOLDRICK BA. Once dismissed, still rampant: tuberculosis, the second deadliest infectious disease

worldwide. Am J Nurs, 2014.

JENSEN PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings,

2005.

KRITSKI A, Dalcolmo MP, Mello FCQ, Carvalho ACC, Silva DR, de Oliveira MM, et al. The

role of the Brazilian tuberculosis research network in national and international eorts to eliminate

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

tuberculosis. J Bras Pneumol. 2018.

MACIEL EL, Reis-Santos B. Determinants of tuberculosis in Brazil: from conceptual framework to

practical application. Panamericana Journal of Public Health. 2015.

MACIEL ELN, Sales CMM, Bertolde AI, Reis-Santos B. Can Brazil achieve the World Health

Organization’s new global goals for tuberculosis control?. Epidemiol Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2018;

27(2):e0200007. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742018000200007

MACIEL ELN, Sales CMM, Bertolde AI, Reis-Santos B. Can Brazil achieve the World Health

Organization’s new global goals for tuberculosis control?. Epidemiol Serv Saúde [Internet]. 2018;

27(2):e0200007. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742018000200007

MINISTRY OF HEALTH. Department of HIV, AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually

Transmitted Infections. Updated 21/03/2023 15:59

MYERS WP, Westinghouse JL, Flood J, Riley LW. An ecological study of tuberculosis transmission

in California. Am J Public Health. 2016.

PAOLUCCI R, Pereira Neto A, Nadanovsky P. Evaluation of the quality of health information on

the internet: evidence-based accuracy indicators for tuberculosis. Saúde debate [Internet]. 2022 Oct;

46(135):931–73. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-1104202213501

PINHEIRO MA de S, Aurilio RB, Parente AAAI, Sant’Anna M de FBP, Frota ACC, Hofer CB, et al..

Clinical forms and diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

J bras pneumol [Internet]. 2022; 48(6):e20220240. Available from: https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/

e20220240

PORTH CM. Alterations in respiratory function: respiratory tract infections, neoplasms, and

childhood disorders. In: Porth CM, Kunert MP.Pathophysiology. Concepts of Altered Health States.

Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

RABAHI MF, Silva JLR da, Ferreira ACG, Tannus-Silva DGS, Conde MB. Tuberculosis treatment.

J bras pneumol [Internet]. 2017 Nov; 43(6):472–86. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-

37562016000000388

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

RAVIGLIONE M, Sulis G. Tuberculosis 2015: burden, challenges and strategy for control and

elimination. Infectious Disease Reports. 2016

REIS-Santos B, Pellacani-Posses I, Macedo LR, et al. Directly observed therapy of tuberculosis

in Brazil: associated determinants and impact on treatment outcome. The International Journal of

Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2015.

ROCHA MS, Aguiar FP, Oliveira GP, et al. Reliability of treatment outcome for tuberculosis using

record linkage. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva. 2015.

ROSENKRANDS I, Slayden RA, Crawford J, et al. Hypoxic response of Mycobacteria tuberculosis

studied by metabolic labeling and proteome analysis of cellular and extracellular proteins. J Bacteriol,

2012

SANTOS NP, Lírio M, Passos LA, et al. Completeness of tuberculosis reporting forms in ve Brazilian

capitals with a high incidence of the disease. Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology. 2013.

SHAH AD, Bartlett JW, Carpenter J, et al. Comparison of random forest and parametric imputation

models for imputing missing data using MICE: a CALIBER study. American journal of epidemiology.

2014.

SILVA DR, Silva LP da, Dalcin P de TR. Tuberculosis in hospitalized patients: clinical characteristics

of patients receiving treatment within the rst 24 h after admission. J bras pneumol [Internet]. 2014

May; 40(3):279–85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132014000300011

SILVA F de S, Barbosa YC, Batalha MA, Ribeiro MRC, Simões VMF, Branco M dos RFC, et al.

Childhood vaccination incompleteness of new and old vaccines and associated factors: BRISA birth

cohort, São Luís, Maranhão, Northeast Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2018; 34(3):e00041717.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00041717

TORRENS AW, Rasella D, Boccia D, et al. Eectiveness of a conditional cash transfer programme

on TB cure rate: a retrospective cohort study in Brazil. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical

Medicine and Hygiene. 2016.

ISSN: 2763-5724 / Vol. 04 - n 05 - ano 2024

TRAJMAN A, Saraceni V, Durovni B. The Sustainable Development Goals and tuberculosis in

Brazil: challenges and potentialities. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 2018; 34(6):e00030318. Available

from: https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00030318

VALLA VV. On popular participation: a question of perspective. Cad Saúde Pública [Internet]. 1998;

14:07–18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X1998000600002

WINGFIELD T, Tovar MA, Hu D, et al. A randomized controlled study of socioeconomic support

to enhance tuberculosis prevention and treatment, Peru. Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

2017

WORLD Health Organization. Health in 2015: From MDGs, millennium development goals to SDGs,

sustainable development goals. World Health Organization; 2015.